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About the Dictionary

Content and Structure of the Dictionary

STPPJM is a lexicon of legal and law-related terms compiled in Polish Sign Language (PJM) and written Polish. It contains several hundred entries — terms selected based on their relevance to situations where Deaf individuals may encounter them in interactions with law professionals or while reading texts related to legal issues.

The dictionary is intended, among others, for legal professionals — such as legal advisors who work with Deaf clients; for Polish Sign Language interpreters providing services to the Deaf community; as well as for Deaf individuals themselves who wish to better understand legal documents they receive and to gain a clear understanding of their legal situation. In such contexts, comprehension of legal terminology is essential.

The list of entries includes all dictionary headwords. Each entry is represented in the list by:
  • an initial frame from the video recording of the sign,
  • the handshapes used to articulate the sign (displayed on the left side),
  • the Polish equivalent (below the initial video frame),
  • the transcription of the sign in the HamNoSys system (below the Polish term).
Each dictionary entry includes the following components:
  • The headword or multi-word expression in written Polish. Separate entries are created for distinct legal terms, e.g., WYROK (‘verdict’) and WYKONANIE WYROKU (‘execution of the verdict’) are treated as two independent entries.
  • Variants of the term in PJM, if they exist (video recordings); these are listed below the Polish text.
  • HamNoSys transcription of the sign (displayed above the video).
  • The equivalent term in Polish Sign Language, consisting of one or more signs (video recording).
  • A definition or explanation in PJM, which may be a direct translation from Polish or adapted to PJM grammar. Where possible, definitions avoid using the defined term and instead rely on widely known signs and non-specialist concepts.
  • A definition in spoken Polish, based on legal definitions—sometimes quoted directly, sometimes rephrased to enhance accessibility for non-specialists while maintaining legal precision.
  • Example sentences demonstrating the use of the PJM term in context, adapted from example sentences in spoken Polish.
  • Authentic usage examples, mainly drawn from various types of legal texts and documents. These form the basis for the PJM examples.
The dictionary includes only legal and juridical meanings of Polish words and PJM signs. Other senses are not included. For example, the entry TOGA refers exclusively to the legal gown worn by lawyers — not to an academic robe or the garment worn by Roman citizens. Similarly, the term OBROŃCA ‘defender’ is defined only in the sense of a legal defense attorney — not as a military defender (as in the street name “Rondo Obrońców Tobruku”) or as a football player position.

Legal terms are divided into approximately 30 thematic subcategories. Category assignment is one of the parameters associated with each entry. Some terms could not be clearly classified under any single category and were therefore assigned to the “Other” category.

This thematic classification is essential, as it determines the scope of a term's meaning in the dictionary. For instance, the term KURATOR defined under the category “Parties to a Contract/Proceedings” refers specifically to a legal representative, and not to a probation officer (i.e., a court-appointed guardian supervising a minor).

The remaining parameters of each entry relate to the way the sign is produced. These include:
  • the handshape of the dominant hand,
  • the handshape of the non-dominant hand (if the sign is two-handed),
  • the location, that is, the area of the body or signing space where the sign is performed (for two-handed signs, this refers to the location on the non-dominant hand where the dominant hand articulates the sign),
  • an indication of whether the sign is two-handed.

HamNoSys Transcription

Each sign entry in the dictionary is accompanied by a transcription using the Hamburg Notation System for Sign Languages (HamNoSys). This system can be regarded as a sign language equivalent of the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), which is used for the transcription of spoken languages. HamNoSys is primarily employed for research purposes rather than as a general writing system (unlike, for example, SignWriting).

HamNoSys was developed in 1985 by a team of researchers at the University of Hamburg, led by Thomas Hanke, and has been systematically expanded since then. The current version in use is 4.0. HamNoSys is a universal system, designed to transcribe signs from any sign language as well as any type of gesture. It accounts for all possible handshapes, locations, and types of movement. Specific symbols and numbers are used to represent individual sign parameters.

In the dictionary, the HamNoSys transcription refers to the base form of the lexeme, that is, its so-called isolated form. An example transcription is shown in the illustration below. 

The symbols correspond, in order, to: handshape, hand orientation (comprising both finger and palm orientation), sign location, and movement.

Entries composed of multiple signs are transcribed as a sequence of HamNoSys strings, separated by a special delimiter: -/-.

How to Use the Dictionary

Below is a brief description of the dictionary’s key functions, along with instructions on how to use them effectively.

Browsing Entries

Upon accessing the "Entry List," users can choose how the dictionary entries are displayed. Two viewing modes are available:
  • Tiles (default view) – In this mode, each entry is displayed in a separate square field (“tile”). In addition to the Polish term, the HamNoSys notation and handshapes are also shown.
  • List – Entries are displayed in a continuous vertical list, one below the other. This view is more convenient for quickly navigating through the list of entries.
The view mode can be changed using the icon located next to the page numbers.
Above the entry list, the letters of the alphabet are displayed. These can be used to filter and show only those signs whose corresponding Polish terms begin with the selected letter.

Searching for an Entry

The website includes a search bar in which users can type a Polish word. The dictionary will locate Polish entries containing the entered term and display the corresponding Polish Sign Language signs.

Signs can also be searched based on their articulatory features and by category. The following filters are available:
  • Category – users can select a specific category of entries from the dictionary.
  • Handshape – users can specify the shape of the hand used in the sign (basic handshapes are defined according to the fingerspelling alphabet signs; a number added to a letter indicates a modification of the manual alphabet sign).
  • Sign location – the part of the body where the sign is articulated (e.g., in front of the chest, at nose level, etc.).
  • Additional parameters – include two-handed signs, proximity to the body, contact, and handshape change during the articulation of the sign.

Multiple filters can be combined to narrow the search results.

Details of an Individual Entry

Clicking on a selected entry opens a page with detailed information, including:
  • Definition – an explanation of the meaning of the term.
  • Usage examples – illustrative sentences in which the term is used.
  • Parameters – the entry’s category and a detailed description of its articulatory features.
  • Additional information – the source of the entry and information on the frequency of its use (documented entries) or its level of acceptability (entries derived from experimental data).
  • Related entries – other entries with similar meaning or thematic relevance.